is the science and art (ars medicina) of healing humans. It includes a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Before scientific medicine, healing arts were practiced along with "Eastern medicine" — which are typically based in traditional, story-told, or otherwise non-scientific practices.
Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication, surgery, or some other form of therapy. The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing.
Though medical technology and clinical expertise are pivotal to contemporary medicine, successful face-to-face relief of actual suffering continues to require the application of ordinary human feeling and compassion, known in English as bedside manner.

Introduction:

Vitello-intestinal duct or omphalo-mesenteric duct connects the midgut to the yolk sac during early embryonic life. It gets obliterated and disappears during fifth to sixth week of intrauterine life.If the remnants persists then following abnormalities can occur:

Appendicectomy may be performed by conventional open operation or by using laparoscopic techniques. The first surgeon to perform deliberate appendicectomy for acute appendicitis was Lawson Tam, in May 1880. The patient recovered. It is recorded in 1736 that Claudius Amyand successfully removed an acutely inflamed appendix from the hernial sac of a boy.

Bile is secreted in two stages by the liver:
(1) The initial portion is secreted by the principal functional cells of                              
the liver, the hepatocytes; this initial secretion contains large amounts of bile acids, cholesterol, and other
organic constituents. It is secreted into minute bile canaliculi that originate between the hepatic cells.

(2) Next, the bile flows in the canaliculi toward the interlobular septa, where the canaliculi empty into terminal
bile ducts and then into progressively larger ducts, finally reaching the hepatic duct and common
bile duct. From these the bile either empties directly into the duodenum or is diverted for minutes up to
several hours through the cystic duct into the gallbladder

What are gallstones?

Gallstones are small, pebble-like substances that develop in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped sac located below your liver in the right upper abdomen. Gallstones form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material. The liquid—called bile—helps the body digest fats. Bile is made in the liver, then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it. The gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube—called the common bile duct—that carries it to the small intestine, where it helps with digestion.
Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin—a waste product. Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish-brown color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, it can harden into gallstones.

Gastrectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the stomach.

Can occur:

Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery